Lab Unit 10 – Diversity in Transport -In Person Lab – Lab not done Spring 2023

stomata
moving water molecules

 

 

 

 

 

Fall 2022 – Lab 10 has been canceled to allow for an EDP Work Week. Lab 10 Pre-Lab, In-Lab and Post-Lab work and assignments have been canceled too.

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Scroll below for In-Person Labs

Pre-Lab

Review the following material:

Transport in Plants 

  1. In preparation for the Post-Lab, read the Background material on pp. 168-170 and review the material below. 
  2. Make the appropriate drawings in your lab manual as instructed below (NOTE: you will not need to turn in a Pre-Lab assignment for this lab unit, but completing the Pre-Lab will ensure your success during the Post-Lab Assignment.

Leaf Anatomy (though stomata are not generally found on the upper epidermis as seen here, this diagram nicely shows important cell layers and gas exchange)

leaf cross section

We will look more closely at structures involved in both Transpiration and Translocation in plant leaves and stem cross sections.

Text and Figures in the Lab Manual pages 95-96 and 169 will be very helpful for interpreting and labeling your drawings of the following slides.

Use the empty space on page 180 to draw and label the pictures #1, #2, #3, and #4 below 

#1.  .  #2.  

Draw and label the following prepared slides of plant tissues. 

  1. View of the lower epidermis of Zebrina (#1).  It is from a whole mount or epidermal peel preparation. Below is the procedure used to make the slides:
  1. Leaf Cross section slide (#2) – Fig. 6-2, p. 95 and Fig. 10-2 p. 169 – Structures to draw and label: cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, guard cells (stoma), mesophyll (contains spongy mesophyll and palisade layers), vein or midvein containing xylem and phloem.
  2. Herbaceous (#3) and Woody Stem slide (#4) – Fig. 6-4, p. 96 and Fig. 10-1, p. 169 – Epidermis, cortex, pith, vascular bundles in herbaceous stems (xylem/inside and phloem/towards outside of bundles), in woody stem xylem collects as inner stem annual rings (eventually growth rings/wood), phloem to the outside under the cork (in woody stems), epidermis layer.
  3. Tilia (# 4) woody stem sections showing 1, 2, 3 & 4 growth rings – Same woody stem as the slide in #3 above) – Fig. 6-4A, p. 96 – should be able to see most of the same structures as the woody stem above, but more developed in the older stem sections –pith is smaller on the inside, more developed annual rings/xylem accumulation with age that becomes wood, phloem to the outside of the xylem rings being crushed under the cork/epidermis layers, cortex less and less apparent under outmost layers.

#3     #4  

In-Lab

Click to get In-Lab Assignment

Lab 10 Week I Information (p. 173-182)

Transport in Animals

Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

Activity 3 (p. 177-179) Crayfish – open circulatory system

  • Open circulatory system – The open circulatory system is common to invertebrates. In an open circulatory system, the blood is pumped into a hemocoel and diffuses back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped into body cavities by a heart.  See hemolymph circulation in Insects (0:48), discussion of circulation in a cockroach (1:45).
open circulatory system*

*Blood Flow in the Open Circulatory System of a Crayfish or Lobster Crayfish and lobsters have many arteries, which extend forward and backward from the heart. The heart pumps blood into these arteries, which transport the blood to most parts of the body. The arteries end, however, and then the blood is released from vessels into sinuses and lacunae that are lined with ordinary systemic tissue cells rather than with vascular endothelium. After release from the arteries, blood from the anterior parts of the body flows posteriorly, and blood from the posterior parts of the body flows anteriorly. These flows converge on a ventral sinus (cavity) that runs along the bases of the principal legs. From there the blood returns to the heart. Although not shown here, the blood passes through the gills (which are attached at the bases of the principal legs) in this final step.

*https://www.macmillanhighered.com/BrainHoney/Resource/6716/digital_first_content/trunk/test/hillis2e/asset/img_ch32/c32_fig04.htm

Crayfish Dissection Images

Videos of Preserved Crayfish Dissections 

  • Crayfish Dissection – Includes both the external and internal anatomy.  Read your lab manual (pages 177-179) and watch this video to help you answer questions related to the crayfish. (7:14) 
  • Crayfish Dissections – External Anatomy (8:52) and Internal Anatomy (5:55)

Activity 2 (p. 175-176) Earthworm – closed circulatory system

  • Closed circulatory system – Vertebrates, and some invertebrates, have a closed circulatory system. In a closed circulatory system, the blood is in closed in a vessel at all times. The blood is pumped by a heart and travels through each of the closed vessels. The blood is not typically pumped into any body cavities.
closed circulatory system

Earthworm 

Note the closed circulatory system

earthworm

Videos of Preserved Earthworm dissections

Lab 10 Week II Information (p. 183-196)

Mammalian Circulation

heart

We will focus this part of lab on:

  • the 4 chambers of the heart
  • right vs. left
  • where did blood come from when entering the heart? -> the right atria?, -> the left atria?
  • where does it go when it leaves the heart? -> the right ventricle?, -> the left ventricle?
  • where is the blood oxygenated and deoxygenated
  • pulmonary vs. systemic circulation
  • interpreting EKGs (what occurs at the PQRST peaks).
  • how does activity affect heart rate (BPM) and why?

Activity One (p. 183-185): Heart Structure and Double Circulation (Pulmonary and Systemic)

Mammalian Heart – Anatomy and Function – helpful links

Activity Two (p. 185-189): Heart Function and ECGs

Electrocardiogram – nice background information on electrical activity in the heart (1:20)

 

ECG

ECG peaks and heartbeats

ECG – Example of a student ECG from our lab (recording over 10 seconds)

EKG Online Course Introduction – Check out the lessons found in the Table of Contents and the EKG Basics Quiz at the bottom of the page.  This is not to be used for self diagnosis or diagnosing others.

Post-Lab

Click to get Post-Lab Assignment

Instructions: Use the material in the Lab Manual and the Pre-Lab to complete the Post-Lab Assignment 

Activity One: Transport in Higher Plants 

In place of carrying out the Transpiration Experiment in your lab manual, we will use the NCSU created PRATT Interactive and Exploratory Plant Model to study transport and energetic processes in different areas of a plant.  These processes are not static and can change over the course of 24 hours.  To fully explain why we see these changes, it is important that students have reviewed all the Pre-Lab materials above.  

  • Open the link to the PRATT Interactive (see link above).
  • Explore the different Processes listed to the left on the main page.  In addition to looking at transpiration and translocation, we will also consider how the energetic processes of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration play a role in Plant Transport.  
  • Click on the 3 different parts of the plant highlighted by circles or from the center top of the menu.  Within each of these plant parts, there are smaller circles to click on and learn more about the processes in these specific areas.
  • Then click on all the buttons to the right indicating the different times of a 24 hour cycle.  
  • Once you have become more familiar with the PRATT Interactive, complete the attached Post-Lab Assignment. 
  • Turn in your completed Post-Lab work on Moodle.  (Individual assignment)

Additional Information

Cool Articles/links About Researchers Using Plants for Phytoremediation